Public Health
Volume 122, Issue 7 , Pages 671-680 , July 2008

Medical practice and community health care in the 21st Century: A time of change

  • S.J. Genuis

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationTel.: +17804503504; fax: +17804901803.

Received 18 October 2007 ,Revised 5 March 2008 ,Accepted 1 April 2008.

References 

  1. Steiger B. Survey results: doctors say morale is hurting. 2006. Available at: 〈http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0843/is_6_32/ai_n16910753〉 [last accessed 25 January 2007].
  2. Smith R. Why are doctors so unhappy? There are probably many causes, some of them deep. BMJ. 2001;322:1073–1074
  3. Canadian Medical Association. Who cares for the caregiver?. CMA Interface. 2003;4:2
  4. Genuis SJ, Genuis SK. Resisting cookbook medicine. BMJ. 2004;329:179
  5. Genuis SJ. Diagnosis: contemporary medical hubris; Rx: a tincture of humility. J Eval Clin Pract. 2006;12:24–30
  6. Spurgeon D. Medicine, the unhappy profession?. CMAJ. 2003;168:751–752
  7. Davis RM, Wagner EH, Groves T. Managing chronic disease. BMJ. 1999;318:1090–1091
  8. Horton R. The neglected epidemic of chronic disease. Lancet. 2005;366:1514
  9. World Health Organization. Preventing chronic diseases: a vital investment. A WHO global report. Geneva: WHO; 2005;p. 1–202
  10. Perrin JM, Bloom SR, Gortmaker SL. The increase of childhood chronic conditions in the United States. JAMA. 2007;297:2755–2759
  11. Grandjean P, Landrigan PJ. Developmental neurotoxicity of industrial chemicals. Lancet. 2006;368:2167–2178
  12. Lary JM, Paulozzi LJ. Sex differences in the prevalence of human birth defects: a population-based study. Teratology. 2001;64:237–251
  13. Birnbaum LS. The impact of early environmental chemical exposure on carcinogenesis. Presentation at Cancer and the Environment Conference, Tucson, Arizona, 27–30 October 2005.
  14. Cohn D. Disability rate of children, teens up sharply—to 1 in 12. The Washington Post 6 July 2002.
  15. Stewart BW, Kleihues P. World Health Organization. World cancer report. International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2003. p. 12–337.
  16. Strong K, Mathers C, Leeder S, Beaglehole R. Preventing chronic diseases: how many lives can we save?. Lancet. 2005;366:1578–1582
  17. Park J. Study: medically unexplained physical symptoms, 2002 and 2003. 2007. Available at: 〈http://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/070112/d070112.pdf〉 [last accessed 14 January 2007].
  18. Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat. Departmental performance report 2005–2006. Public Health Agency of Canada. Section II—analysis by strategic outcome and key program. 2006. Available at: 〈http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/dpr-rmr/0506/PHAC-ASPC/phac-aspc02_e.asp〉 [last accessed 11 January 2007].
  19. Woolf SH, Johnson RE. A one-year audit of topics and domains in the Journal of the American Medical Association and the New England Journal of Medicine. Am J Prev Med. 2000;19:79–86
  20. Genuis SJ. The proliferation of clinical practice guidelines: professional development or medicine by numbers?. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2005;18:419–425
  21. McGavock H. Prescription-related illness—a scandalous pandemic. J Eval Clin Pract. 2004;10:491–497
  22. Ebbesen J, Buajordet I, Erikssen J, Brors O, Hilberg T, Svaar H, et al. Drug-related deaths in a department of internal medicine. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:2317–2323
  23. Moore TJ, Weiss SR, Kaplan S, Blaisdell CJ. Reported adverse drug events in infants and children under 2 years of age. Pediatrics. 2002;110:e53
  24. Meyers RA. Encyclopedia of molecular cell biology and molecular medicine. 2nd ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2005;
  25. Genuis SJ. Our genes are not our destiny: incorporating molecular medicine into clinical practice. J Eval Clin Pract. 2008;14:94–102
  26. Crews D, McLachlan JA. Epigenetics, evolution, endocrine disruption, health, and disease. Endocrinology. 2006;147(Suppl):S4–S10
  27. Fong LY, Nguyen VT, Farber JL. Esophageal cancer prevention in zinc-deficient rats: rapid induction of apoptosis by replenishing zinc. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93:1525–1533
  28. Rodenhiser D, Mann M. Epigenetics and human disease: translating basic biology into clinical applications. CMAJ. 2006;174:341–348
  29. Genuis SJ. Nutritional transition: a determinant of global health. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005;59:615–617
  30. Genuis SJ. The chemical erosion of human health: adverse environmental exposure and in-utero pollution—determinants of congenital disorders and chronic disease. J Perinat Med. 2006;34:185–195
  31. The puzzle of complex diseases. Science 2002;296:605–792.
  32. Office of Genomics and Disease Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Gene–environment interaction fact sheet, 2000.
  33. World Health Organization, Commission on Social Determinants of Health. 2007. Available at: 〈http://www.who.int/social_determinants/en/〉 [last accessed 12 February 2008].
  34. Soutschek J, Akinc A, Bramlage B, Charisse K, Constien R, Donoghue M, et al. Therapeutic silencing of an endogenous gene by systemic administration of modified siRNAs. Nature. 2004;432:173–178
  35. Schwartz D, Collins F. Medicine. Environmental biology and human disease. Science. 2007;316:695–696
  36. Bralley JA, Lord RS. Laboratory evaluations in molecular medicine: nutrients, toxicants, and cell regulators. Norcross, GA: Institute for Advances in Molecular Medicine; 2005;
  37. Marshall LM. Exposure history. Ontario College of Family Physicians. Available at: 〈http://www.ocfp.on.ca/local/files/EHC/Exposure%20Hx%20Forms.pdf〉 [last accessed 9 October 2006].
  38. Genuis SJ. Health issues and the environment—an emerging paradigm for providers of obstetrical and gynecological healthcare. Hum Reprod. 2006;21:2201–2208
  39. Rea WJ. Chemical sensitivity. Volume 1: tools of diagnosis and methods of treatment. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1992;
  40. Brostoff J, Gamlin L. Food allergies and food intolerance: the complete guide to their identification and treatment. Rochester: Inner Traditions International; 2000;
  41. Stark M. Working with resistance. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Pub Inc; 2002;
  42. Lorber B. Are all diseases infectious? Another look. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131:989–990
  43. Genuis SJ. Clinical medicine and the budding science of mold exposure. Eur J Intern Med. 2007;18:516–523
  44. Cordain L, Eades MR, Eades MD. Hyperinsulinemic diseases of civilization: more than just syndrome X. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2003;136:95–112
  45. Genuis SJ. Fielding a current idea: exploring the public health impact of electromagnetic radiation. Public Health. 2008;122:113–124
  46. Angell M. The truth about the drug companies: how they deceive us and what to do about it. New York: Random House; 2004;
  47. Smith R. Medical journals are an extension of the marketing arm of pharmaceutical companies. PLoS Med. 2005;2:e138
  48. Moynihan R, Heath I, Henry D. Selling sickness: the pharmaceutical industry and disease mongering. BMJ. 2002;324:886–891
  49. Moynihan R. The making of a disease: female sexual dysfunction. BMJ. 2003;326:45–47
  50. Genuis SJ, Genuis SK. Exploring the continuum: medical information to effective clinical practice. paper II. Towards etiology-centered clinical practice. J Eval Clin Pract. 2006;12:63–75
  51. Knox EG. Childhood cancers and atmospheric carcinogens. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005;59:101–105
  52. Khattak S, Moghtader GK, McMartin K, Barrera M, Kennedy D, Koren G. Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to organic solvents: a prospective controlled study. JAMA. 1999;281:1106–1109
  53. Genuis SJ, Schwalfenberg G. Time for an oil check: the role of essential omega 3 fatty acids in maternal and pediatric health. J Perinatol. 2006;26:359–365
  54. George L, Mills JL, Johansson ALV, Nordmark A, Olander B, Granath F, et al. Plasma folate levels and risk of spontaneous abortion. JAMA. 2002;288:1867–1873
  55. University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. UAMS leads search for answers on cleft palate. Other biotin-related birth defects. 2006. Available at: 〈http://www.uams.edu/newsbureau/2003/January/biotinbirthdefects.htm〉 [last accessed 3 May 2006].
  56. Mock DM, Quirk JG, Mock NI. Marginal biotin deficiency during normal pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75:295–299
  57. Camargo CA, Rifas-Shiman SL, Litonjua AA, Rich-Edwards JW, Weiss ST, Gold DR, et al. Maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy and risk of recurrent wheeze in children at 3y of age. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:788–795
  58. Javaid MK, Crozier SR, Harvey NC, Gale CR, Dennison EM, Boucher BJ, et al. Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and childhood bone mass at age 9 years: a longitudinal study. Lancet. 2006;367:36–43
  59. Chaudhuri A. Why we should offer routine vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy and childhood to prevent multiple sclerosis. Med Hypoth. 2005;64:608–618
  60. Ray JG, Wyatt PR, Thompson MD, Vermeulen MJ, Meier C, Wong PY, et al. Vitamin B12 and the risk of neural tube defects in a folic-acid-fortified population. Epidemiology. 2007;18:362–366
  61. Genuis SJ. A fishy recommendation: omega-3 fatty acid intake in pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;115:1–4
  62. Barkai G, Arbuzova S, Berkenstadt M, Heifetz S, Cuckle H. Frequency of Down's syndrome and neural-tube defects in the same family. Lancet. 2003;361:1331–1335
  63. Branum AM, Schoendorf KC. Changing patterns of low birthweight and preterm birth in the United States, 1981–98. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2002;16:8–15
  64. Benady S. UK pre-conception program delivers. Med Post. 2005;41:33–34
  65. Ward N. Foresight 1990–1993 study of preconceptual care and pregnancy outcome. J Nutr Environ Med. 1995;5:205–208
  66. Genuis SJ. An ounce of prevention: a pound of cure for an ailing health care system. Can Fam Physic. 2007;53:597–599
  67. Boyd DR, Genuis SJ. The environmental burden of disease in Canada: respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and congenital affliction. Environ Res. 2008;106:240–249
  68. Prentice DA, Tarne G. Treating diseases with adult stem cells. Science. 2007;315:328
  69. Prentice DA. Current science of regenerative medicine with stem cells. J Investig Med. 2006;54:33–37
  70. Wollert KC, Meyer GP, Lotz J, Ringes-Lichtenberg S, Lippolt P, Breidenbach C, et al. Intracoronary autologous bone-marrow cell transfer after myocardial infarction: the BOOST randomised controlled clinical trial. Lancet. 2004;364:141–148
  71. Mancardi GL, Saccardi R, Filippi M, Gualandi F, Murialdo A, Inglese M, et al. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation suppresses Gd-enhanced MRI activity in MS. Neurology. 2001;57:62–68
  72. Kreisel W, Potthoff K, Bertz H, Schmitt-Graeff A, Ruf G, Rasenack J, et al. Complete remission of Crohn's disease after high-dose cyclophosphamide and autologous stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2003;32:337–340
  73. Rogers EM. Diffusion of innovations. New York: The Free Press; 1995;
  74. Genuis SK, Genuis SJ. Exploring the continuum: medical information to effective clinical practice: paper 1. The translation of knowledge into clinical practice. J Eval Clin Pract. 2006;12:49–62
  75. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Third national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals. NCEH Pub. no. 05-0570. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2005. p. 1–475.
  76. Porta M. Is there life after evidence-based medicine?. J Eval Clin Pract. 2004;10:147–152

PII: S0033-3506(08)00104-2

doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2008.04.002

Public Health
Volume 122, Issue 7 , Pages 671-680 , July 2008

Article Tools