Public Health
Volume 122, Issue 10 , Pages 990-1003 , October 2008

Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection among injection drug users in China: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Received 17 May 2007 ,Revised 6 December 2007 ,Accepted 29 January 2008.

References 

  1. Chen YD, Liu MY, Yu WL, Li JQ, Peng M, Dai Q, et al. Hepatitis C virus infections and genotypes in China. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2002;1:194–201
  2. McHutchison JG, Bacon BR. Chronic hepatitis C: an age wave of disease burden. Am J Manag Care. 2005;11:S286–S295[quiz: S307–11]
  3. Strickland GT. Liver disease in Egypt: hepatitis C superseded schistosomiasis as a result of iatrogenic and biological factors. Hepatology. 2006;43:915–922
  4. Shepard CW, Finelli L, Alter MJ. Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005;5:558–567
  5. World Health Organization. Hepatitis C – global prevalence (update). Weekly epidemiological record/Health Section of the Secretariat of the League of Nations 2000;75:18–9.
  6. Kang LY, Sun YD, Hao LJ, Cao XY, Pan QC. Studies on epidemiology of the population with HCV and HEV infections and their epidemic factors in China. Chin J Infect Dis. 1997;15:71–75[in Chinese]
  7. Sy T, Jamal MM. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Int J Med Sci. 2006;3:41–46
  8. The National Anti-drugs Committee. China drug report. 2006. Available at: http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/PI-c/1252978.htm [accessed 1 May 2007].
  9. Hao W, Su Z, Xiao S, Fan C, Chen H, Liu T, et al. Longitudinal surveys of prevalence rates and use patterns of illicit drugs at selected high-prevalence areas in China from 1993 to 2000. Addiction. 2004;99:1176–1180
  10. Hao W, Xiao S, Liu T, Young D, Chen S, Zhang D, et al. The second National Epidemiological Survey on illicit drug use at six high-prevalence areas in China: prevalence rates and use patterns. Addiction. 2002;97:1305–1315
  11. The National Anti-drugs Committee. China drug report. 2005. Available at: http://www.hzjd.gov.cn/sh/200611/4117.html; 2007 [accessed 07.05.07].
  12. Wang NC, Qiao XC, Zhang LF, Liu YP, Wu LP. Seroepidemiology of HCV infection among different populations in Shanxi. Chin Public Health. 2001;17:703;[in Chinese]
  13. Yang J, Ding JJ, Li YY. Co-infection with HCV and HGV among 107 injection drug users. Chin J Prev Med. 2000;34:85;[in Chinese]
  14. Deng LP, Gui XE, Wang X, Luo JL. A survey of HIV, HBV, HCV, HGV and TTV infections among drug abusers in Hubei Province. Hubei J Prev Med. 2003;14:1–2[in Chinese]
  15. Li WJ, Fan ZF, Lin P, Wang Y, Yan J, Mai RJ. A survey of HIV and HCV infections and related knowledge and behavior among drug abusers in Yangjiang City. South China J Prev Med. 2004;30:17–19[in Chinese]
  16. Garten RJ, Lai S, Zhang J, Liu W, Chen J, Vlahov D, et al. Rapid transmission of hepatitis C virus among young injecting heroin users in Southern China. Int J Epidemiol. 2004;33:182–188
  17. Villano SA, Vlahov D, Nelson KE, Lyles CM, Cohn S, Thomas DL. Incidence and risk factors for hepatitis C among injection drug users in Baltimore, Maryland. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35:3274–3277
  18. Thorpe LE, Ouellet LJ, Hershow R, Bailey SL, Williams IT, Williamson J, et al. Risk of hepatitis C virus infection among young adult injection drug users who share injection equipment. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;155:645–653
  19. Crofts N, Aitken CK. Incidence of bloodborne virus infection and risk behaviours in a cohort of injecting drug users in Victoria, 1990–1995. Med J Aust. 1997;167:17–20
  20. Boyages J, Delaney G, Taylor R. Predictors of local recurrence after treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ: a meta-analysis. Cancer. 1999;85:616–628
  21. Laird NM, Mosteller F. Some statistical methods for combining experimental results. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 1990;6:5–30
  22. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315:629–634
  23. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GD, Rennie D, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) Group. JAMA. 2000;283:2008–2012
  24. Liu W, Hai T, Li XY. Seroepidemiological investigation of HBV and HCV among drug users in Yinin. Chin Acad J Public Health. 1997;16:363;[in Chinese]
  25. Zuo H. A cross-sectional survey of HIV and HCV prevalence among drug users in detoxification centre of Urumchi railway station. J Chin AIDS/STD. 2000;6:376;[in Chinese]
  26. Ma XM, Amanguli A, Wang X. Analysis of TTV, HBV and HCV infections in intravenous drug users in Xinjiang. J Xinjiang Med Univ. 2004;27:125–127[in Chinese]
  27. Wang L, Yang JS. Study on infection with hepatitis B and C virus among incarcerated intravenous heroin users. Endem Dis Bull. 2004;19:68–69[in Chinese]
  28. Li D, Zheng X, Zhang G. Prevalence of HIV and HCV among injecting drug users (IDUs) in Yunnan, China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 1994;15:74–75[in Chinese]
  29. Gu XH, Gao LX, Liu FH, Pan CZ, Li CY, Yang YM. HCV infection and genotype of intravenous drug users. Chin J Infect Dis. 1995;13:228–229[in Chinese]
  30. Kong JX, Tong L, Tang BZ, Pan CZ, Zhang YZ. Survey of HBV, HCV infection in drug users in Kunming. Med Pharm Yunnan. 1995;16:45–46[in Chinese]
  31. Zhou WZ, Wang XY, Wei T. Investigation on the rates of HAV, HBV, HCV infection in heroin addicts. Chin J Drug Depend. 1995;4:25–26[in Chinese]
  32. Chen GL, Wei T, Li GL. Coinfection with HCV and HIV among 37 injecting drug abusers. Chin J Drug Abuse Prev Treat. 2000;5:28–30[in Chinese]
  33. Yang YF, Wang JY, Zhuang H, Ling BH, Jin L. Study on HBV, HCV and HGV infection in injecting drug users. Chin J Exp Clin Virol. 2000;14:23;[in Chinese]
  34. Zhang ZX, Zhu LF, Cheng LX, Sha LJ. Epidemiological survey of heroin addicts infected by HCV and HBV. Chin J Drug Depend. 2000;9:144–146[in Chinese]
  35. Jiang ZL, Guo YH, Li YP, Yang H, Yao ZP. The analysis of HCV and HIV infections in 176 heroin addicts. Chin Mag Drug Abuse Prev Treat. 2003;9:23–25[in Chinese]
  36. Li JR, Gong SY, Sun H, Guan WX, Huang HJ. Relationship between T cell subgroups and HCV infection in intravenous drug addicts. Chin J Infect Dis. 2004;22:413–414[in Chinese]
  37. Liu Y, Zhuang Y, Ou YZ. Survey of HCV prevalence among drug addicts in Guiyang. Chin J Public Health. 1997;16:156;[in Chinese]
  38. Zhuang Y, Hu LJ, Cai XH. A cross-sectional survey of HCV prevalence among injection drug users in a detoxification centre in Guiyang. Guizhou Med J. 2000;24:573;[in Chinese]
  39. He J, Li XX, Long ZY, Yang YX, Huang JM, Zhang S. Analysis of HCV infection in 183 heroin addicts. Chin J Drug Abuse Prev Treat. 2006;12:224–225[in Chinese]
  40. Fang YF, Chen S, Wang YM, Li CM. Survey of HCV infection in intravenous drug abusers in Chongqing. Chin J Drug Depend. 2002;10:220–222[in Chinese]
  41. Mou Q, Li XY. Analysis of infection with hepatitis C virus in 767 heroin addicts. Chin J Drug Abuse Prev Treat. 2001;6:17;[in Chinese]
  42. Yang TL, Xu YC, Hu XH. Seroepidemiological survey of HIV, HBV and HCV infection among drug users in Xichang. J Prev Med Inform. 2001;17:170–171[in Chinese]
  43. Ruan YH, Hong KX, Liu SZ, He YX, Zhou F, Qin GM, et al. Community-based survey of HCV and HIV coinfection in injection drug abusers in Sichuan Province of China. World J Gastroenterol. 2004;10:1589–1593
  44. Zhang CT, Wei DY, Li XH, Song AJ, Li J, Qin GM, et al. Investigation on infection status of HIV and HCV in drug users in Liangshan Area. Chin Public Health. 2005;21:1287–1288[in Chinese]
  45. Xie LZ, Chen X, Hu W, Bian HZ, Liu L, Xing ZH, et al. Investigation into the relationship between the high risk behavior of drug abusing population and HCV infection. Chin Trop Med. 2006;6:1140–1142[in Chinese]
  46. Tang XX, Yuan DF, Li LH. Report of anti-HCV test result and analysis of 200 heroin addicts. J Branch Campus First Milit Med. 1994;17:75–78[in Chinese]
  47. Shi XC, Liu JB, Cao ZW, Tan LX. Seroepidemiological survey of HCV infection among different populations in Guangdong. Chin Public Health. 1998;14:8–9[in Chinese]
  48. Wan P, Qiu SF, Li W, Zeng DX. Infections with hepatitis B and C virus in 325 drug addicts. Chin J Exp Clin Virol. 1997;11:90;[in Chinese]
  49. Yan J, Zeng CH, Lin P, Li H, Xi HF. Relationship between methods of drug use and infections with HIV, HCV and syphilis among drug abusers in Guangdong. Chin J Prev Control STD AIDS. 1997;3:254–255[in Chinese]
  50. Mai HM, Zhang YP, Song AH. Infections with HBV and HCV in 219 heroin addicts. Guangdong J Health Epidemiol Prev. 1999;25:29–30[in Chinese]
  51. Wei LP, Zhou M, Zhou DR, Zhong HB. Relationship between methods of drug use and infections with HIV, HBV, HDV and HGV among heroin abusers. Chin Public Health. 1999;15:413–414[in Chinese]
  52. Yang Y, Zhang GQ, Chen SD, Wu BW. A study on the risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among drug users. Chin Public Health. 1999;15:495–496[in Chinese]
  53. Hu CZ, Ge BL, Li G. Prevalence of HBV, HCV and HGV infection in 120 intravenous drug abusers in Jiangmen City. J Clin Hepatol. 2000;5:21–23
  54. Gu YC, Wu BY, Li GJ, Luo XM, Gao SZ. Drug-using behavior and infections with HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis among 317 drug users. South China J Prev Med. 2002;28:26;[in Chinese]
  55. Huang HY, Zhang P, Li L. Analysis of co-infection of HIV with hepatitis virus among intravenous drug users. Chin Public Health. 2003;19:191–192[in Chinese]
  56. Chen Y, Lian W, Chen JL, Cao XJ. An analysis of HCV infection and ALT alteration in intravenous drug addicts in Zhanjiang City. Prac Prev Med. 2004;11:483–484[in Chinese]
  57. Wang LR, Chen JL, Chen Y, Li SH. Prevalence of HBV and HCV infections and ALT elevation in drug users. Chin J Misdiagnost. 2004;4:675–677[in Chinese]
  58. Tang WH, Liang XX, Lin CL, Gu ZL. Analysis of abnormal infection in 210 heroin dependents. Milit Med J South China. 1996;10:363–364
  59. Bi FH. Serological survey of HCV of 77 drug addicts. Guangxi J Prev Med. 1998;4:91;[in Chinese]
  60. Lin H. The analysis of HCV infection in 111 heroin addicts. Chin J Drug Abuse Prev Treat. 1999;4:26–28[in Chinese]
  61. Wu CY, Huang QC, Hou DY. A study on infection of HCV among drug users, persons with sex-related crimes and errors and general population. Mod Prev Med. 1999;26:82–83[in Chinese]
  62. Liang YJ, Chen YH, Wei QY, Lu Y. A study on infection of hepatitis virus among intravenous drug users in Liuzhou City. J Guangxi Med Univ. 2000;17:342–343[in Chinese]
  63. Wang M, Du JW, Huang HZ, Chen YB. Analysis on investigation between methods of drug use and infection of HIV, HCV, HBV and syphilis of drug addicts of Hainan Province. Chin Public Health. 2000;16:854–855[in Chinese]
  64. Yang QX. Causal analysis of intravenous drug use of 97 heroin dependents. Hainan Med J. 2000;11:76
  65. Tang WF, Tang L, Chen ZD, He H, Yang JH. Seroepidemiological survey of HIV and HCV among 597 drug users. Hubei J Prev Med. 2000;11:19;[in Chinese]
  66. Zhao M, Wu DR, Yang DS, Hao W, He Y, Li P, et al. HBV and HCV infections in heroin addicts. Chin Ment Health J. 1999;13:98–100[in Chinese]
  67. Peng DS, Fang KM, Wang HH, Wu RM, Zhang DQ, Li SX. Epidemiological survey of four blood transmitting infections among injection drug takers in Yueyang City. Prac Prev Med. 2006;13:336–337[in Chinese]
  68. He B, Huang P, Jiang XY, Yang CY. HCV infection in 95 heroin addicts. Chin J Drug Abuse Prev Treat. 2004;10:222–223[in Chinese]
  69. Hu WH, Zhao M, Lu GH, Xu LY. A study on hepatitis B and C virus infection and liver function abnormalities in heroin addicts. Chin Mag Drug Abuse Prev Treat. 2003;9:7–9[in Chinese]
  70. Zhao M, Wang QY, Lu GH, Xu P, Xu H, McCoy CB. Risk behaviors and HIV/AIDS prevention education among IDUs in drug treatment in Shanghai. J Urban Health. 2005;82:v84–v91
  71. Zhao M, Du J, Lu GH, Wang QY, Xu H, Zhu M, et al. HIV sexual risk behaviors among injection drug users in Shanghai. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006;82(Suppl. 1):S43–S47
  72. Yin J. Infection with HBV and HCV among intravenous drug addicts. Acta Nanjing Med Univ. 1999;19:166;[in Chinese]
  73. Gao QM. Infections with HBV and HCV in 120 heroin addicts. Jiangsu Prev Med. 2001;12:16–17[in Chinese]
  74. Ji XS, Lu WM, He JH, Ding MJ. Survey of HIV, HBV and HCV infection among STD patients and drug users. J Prev Med Inform. 2001;17:59;[in Chinese]
  75. Zhu B, Wu NP, Wu LJ, Fang J. The serological study on HIV, HBV and HCV in drug addicts of Zheijiang, China. Chin Public Health. 1999;15:415–416[in Chinese]
  76. Chen ZJ, Zhang LH, Xin LJ, Jiang TY. The study of HCV and HIV infections among heroin addicts. Chin J Lab Med. 2003;26:270–272[in Chinese]
  77. Zhou ZM, Lin D, Pan FF, Tan YX, Wen HJ, Liao XW, et al. Infection of diseases transmitted through blood of venous drug addicts. Dis Surveill. 2004;19:412–414[in Chinese]
  78. Li ZH, Tang YX, Wang Y, Wei XH. The analysis of HCV infection in 327 heroin addicts. Chin J Drug Abuse Prev Treat. 2005;11:153–154[in Chinese]
  79. Zhang XL, Xie ZL, Mei L. Analysis on HBV and HCV infection among drug users in Taiyuan. Dis Surveill. 2002;17:211;[in Chinese]
  80. Wang YF. Analysis of HAV, HBV and HCV infection in 386 heroin addicts. Chin J Drug Depend. 2002;11:62–63[in Chinese]
  81. Guo RQ, Chang YL, Kong Y, Xu BS. The analysis of HCV infection among 1000 heroin addicts. Chin J Drug Depend. 2003;12:132–134[in Chinese]
  82. Zhang MY, Wu ZY, Ming ZQ, Gu M, Wu JL, Mi GD. Study of hepatitis C virus infection rate and its risk factors among injecting drug users in Beijing, China. Chin J Dis Control Prev. 2006;10:139–141[in Chinese]
  83. Jiang YJ, Shang H, Wang YN, Zhao M, Cao JJ, Lu CM, et al. Investigation of HIV, syphilis and hepatitis virus among high risk populations in Shenyang. J Chin AIDS/STD. 2002;8:42–44[in Chinese]
  84. Bodsworth NJ, Cunningham P, Kaldor J, Donovan B. Hepatitis C virus infection in a large cohort of homosexually active men: independent associations with HIV-1 infection and injecting drug use but not sexual behaviour. Genitourin Med. 1996;72:118–122
  85. Beyrer C, Razak MH, Lisam K, Chen J, Lui W, Yu XF. Overland heroin trafficking routes and HIV-1 spread in south and south-east Asia. AIDS. 2000;14:75–83
  86. Garten RJ, Zhang J, Lai S, Liu W, Chen J, Yu XF. Coinfection with HIV and hepatitis C virus among injection drug users in southern China. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(Suppl. 1):S18–S24
  87. Zhang M, Rui BL, Chen YG. Investigation on prevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis infection among drug users in Urumchi. J Chin AIDS/STD. 2004;10:350–351[in Chinese]
  88. He Q, Wang Y, Lin P, Liu Y, Yang F, Fu X, et al. Potential bridges for HIV infection to men who have sex with men in Guangzhou, China. AIDS Behav. 2006;10:S17–S23
  89. Zhou F, Ma ZE, Hu W, Feng ZL, Chen KL, Qin GM, et al. Study on the relationship between hepatitis C virus infection and sharing injection equipment, sexual behavior among injecting drug users. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2004;25:329–332[in Chinese]
  90. Sun FH, Liu JS, Li ST. Source of drug and its spatial diffusion in China. J Jishou Univ (Nat Sci Ed). 2003;24:66–70[in Chinese]
  91. World Health Organization . Fact sheet. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 2000;42:126–128
  92. McMahon JM, Tortu S. A potential hidden source of hepatitis C infection among noninjecting drug users. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2003;35:455–460
  93. Hagan H, Thiede H, Weiss NS, Hopkins SG, Duchin JS, Alexander ER. Sharing of drug preparation equipment as a risk factor for hepatitis C. Am J Public Health. 2001;91:42–46
  94. Denis B, Dedobbeleer M, Collet T, Petit J, Jamoulle M, Hayani A, et al. High prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in Belgian intravenous drug users and potential role of the ‘cotton-filter’ in transmission: the GEMT Study. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2000;63:147–153
  95. Garfein RS, Vlahov D, Galai N, Doherty MC, Nelson KE. Viral infections in short-term injection drug users: the prevalence of the hepatitis C, hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency, and human T-lymphotropic viruses. Am J Public Health. 1996;86:655–661
  96. Coutinho RA. HIV and hepatitis C among injecting drug users. BMJ. 1998;317:424–425
  97. Koblin BA, Taylor PE, Rubinstein P, Stevens CE. Effect of duration of hepatitis B virus infection on the association between human immunodeficiency virus type-1 and hepatitis B viral replication. Hepatology. 1992;15:590–592
  98. Thomas DL, Astemborski J, Vlahov D, Strathdee SA, Ray SC, Nelson KE, et al. Determinants of the quantity of hepatitis C virus RNA. J Infect Dis. 2000;181:844–851
  99. Benhamou Y, Bochet M, Di Martino V, Charlotte F, Azria F, Coutellier A, et al. Liver fibrosis progression in human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus coinfected patients. The Multivirc Group. Hepatology. 1999;30:1054–1058
  100. Graham CS, Baden LR, Yu E, Mrus JM, Carnie J, Heeren T, et al. Influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the course of hepatitis C virus infection: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:562–569
  101. Greub G, Ledergerber B, Battegay M, Grob P, Perrin L, Furrer H, et al. Clinical progression, survival, and immune recovery during antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus coinfection: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Lancet. 2000;356:1800–1805
  102. McCoy CB, McCoy HV, Lai S, Yu Z, Wang X, Meng J. Reawakening the dragon: changing patterns of opiate use in Asia, with particular emphasis on China's Yunnan province. Subst Use Misuse. 2001;36:49–69
  103. Qian HZ, Schumacher JE, Chen HT, Ruan YH. Injection drug use and HIV/AIDS in China: review of current situation, prevention and policy implications. Harm Reduct J. 2006;3:4
  104. Chu TX, Levy JA. Injection drug use and HIV/AIDS transmission in China. Cell Res. 2005;15:865–869
  105. Wells G, Shea B, O'Connell D, Robertson J, Peterson J, Welch V, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analysis. Available from: http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford_web.ppt2006;[accessed 1 April 2007]

PII: S0033-3506(08)00040-1

doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2008.01.014

Public Health
Volume 122, Issue 10 , Pages 990-1003 , October 2008