Public Health
Volume 122, Issue 4 , Pages 335-353 , April 2008

Congenital toxoplasmosis: Priorities for further health promotion action

Received 16 February 2007 ,Revised 9 June 2007 ,Accepted 10 August 2007.

References 

  1. Dubey JP, Beattie CP. Toxoplasmosis in animals and man. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1988;
  2. Dubey JP. Toxoplasmosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1994;205:1593–1598
  3. Remington JS, McLeod R, Desmonts G. Toxoplasmosis. In:  Remington JS,  Klein JO editor. Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn. 4th ed. Pennsylvania: WB Saunders; 1995;p. 140–267
  4. Bernsteen L, Gregory CR, Aronson LR, Lirtzman RA, Brummer DG. Acute toxoplasmosis following renal transplantation in three cats and a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1999;215:1123–1126
  5. Gazzinelli R, Xu Y, Hieny S, Cheever A, Sher A. Simultaneous depletion of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes is required to reactivate chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii. J Immunol. 1992;149:175–180
  6. Gazzinelli R, Denkers EY, Sher A. Host resistance to Toxoplasma gondii: model for studying the selective induction of cell mediated immunity by intracellular parasites. Infect Agents Dis. 1993;2:139–149
  7. Bertoli F, Espino M, Arosemena JR, Fishback JL, Frenkel JK. A spectrum in the pathology of toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1995;119:214–224
  8. Frenkel JK, Nelson BM, Arias-Stella J. Immunosuppression and toxoplasmic encephalitis. Clinical and experimental aspects. Hum Pathol. 1975;6:97–111
  9. Alvarado-Esquivel C, Sifuentes-Alvarez A, Narro-Duarte SG, Estrada-Martinez S, Diaz-Garcia JH, Liesenfeld O, et al. Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women in a public hospital in northern Mexico. BMC Infect Dis. 2006;6:113
  10. Nash JQ, Chissel S, Jones J, Warburton F, Verlander NQ. Risk factors for toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in Kent, United Kingdom. Epidemiol Infect. 2005;133:475–483
  11. Jenum PA, Kapperud G, Stray-Pedersen B, Melby KK, Eskild A, Eng J. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii specific immunoglobulin G antibodies among pregnant women in Norway. Epidemiol Infect. 1998;120:87–92
  12. Jenum PA, Stray-Pedersen B, Melby KK, Kapperud G, Whitelaw A, Eskild A, et al. Incidence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in 35,940 pregnant women in Norway and pregnancy outcome for infected women. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:2900–2906
  13. Samad MA, Dey BC, Chowdhury NS, Akhtar S, Khan MR. Sero-epidemiological studies on Toxoplasma gondii infection in man and animals in Bangladesh. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1997;28:339–343
  14. Kaur R, Gupta N, Nair D, Kakkar M, Mathur MD. Screening for TORCH infections in pregnant women: a report from Delhi. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1999;30:284–286
  15. Chintana T, Sukthana Y, Bunyakai B, Lekkla A. Toxoplasma gondii antibody in pregnant women with and without HIV infection. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1998;29:383–386
  16. Birgitta E, Gunnar L, Theo C, Gunilla M, Erik K, Hans O, et al. A retrospective study of seroconversion against Toxoplasma gondii during 3,000 pregnancies in Stockholm. Scand J Infect Dis. 1999;31:127–129
  17. Lappalainen M, Koskela P, Hedman K, Teramo K, Ammala P, Hiilesmaa V, et al. Incidence of primary Toxoplasma infections during pregnancy in southern Finland: a prospective cohort study. Scand J Infect Dis. 1992;24:97–104
  18. Lebech M, Larsen SO, Peterson E. Prevalence, incidence and geographical distribution of Toxoplasma antibodies in pregnant women in Denmark. Scand J Infect Dis. 1993;25:751–756
  19. Ertug S, Okyay P, Turkmen M, Yuksel H. Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma infection among pregnant women in Aydin province. Turkey, BMC Public Health. 2005;5:66
  20. Kortbeek LM, De Melker HE, Veldhuijzen IK, Conyn-Van Spaendonck MA. Population-based Toxoplasma seroprevalence study in The Netherlands. Epidemiol Infect. 2004;132:839–845
  21. Jacquier P, Hohlfeld P, Vorkauf H, Zuber P. Epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Switzerland: national study of seroprevalence monitored in pregnant women 1990–1991. Schweiz Med Wochenschr Suppl. 1995;65:29S–38S
  22. Ancelle T, Goulet V, Tirard-Fleury V, Baril L, Du Mazaubrun C, Thulliez PH, et al. La toxoplasmose chez la femme enceinte en France en 1995. Bull Epidemiol Hebdomadaire (Paris). 1996;51:227–229
  23. Asthana SP, Macpherson CN, Weiss SH, Stephens R, Denny TN, Sharma RN, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women and cats in Grenada, West Indies. J Parasitol. 2006;92:644–645
  24. Fiedler K, Hulsse C, Straube W, Briese V. Toxoplasmosis-antibody seroprevalence in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Zentralbl Gynakol. 1999;121:239–243
  25. Hung CC, Fan CK, Su KE, Sung FC, Chiou HY, Gil V, et al. Serological screening and toxoplasmosis exposure factors among pregnant women in the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2007;101:134–139
  26. Francisco Fde M, de Souza SL, Gennari SM, Pinheiro SR, Muradian V, Soares RM. Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in a low-income community in the Sao Paulo municipality, SP, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2006;48:167–170
  27. Petersen E, Pollak A, Reiter-Owona I. Recent trends in research on congenital toxoplasmosis. Int J Parasitol. 2001;31:115–144
  28. Hershey DW, McGregor JA. Low prevalence of Toxoplasma infection in a Rocky Mountain prenatal population. Obstet Gynecol. 1987;70:900–902
  29. Rai SK, Shibata H, Sumi K, Kubota K, Hirai K, Matsuoka A, et al. Seroepidemiological study of toxoplasmosis in two different geographical areas in Nepal. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1994;25:479–484
  30. Montoya JG, Liesenfeld O. Toxoplasmosis. Lancet. 2004;363:1965–1976
  31. Rajkhowa S, Sarma DK, Rajkhowa C. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in captive mithuns (Bos frontalis) from India. Vet Parasitol. 2006;135:369–374
  32. Desmonts G, Courvreur J. Congenital toxoplasmosis: a prospective study of 378 pregnancies. Engl J Med. 1974;290:1110–1116
  33. Nowakowska D, Stray-Pedersen B, Spiewak E, Sobala W, Malafiej E, Wilczynski J. Prevalence and estimated incidence of Toxoplasma infection among pregnant women in Poland: a decreasing trend in the younger population. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006;12:913–917
  34. Signorell LM, Seitz D, Merkel S, Berger R, Rudin C. Cord blood screening for congenital toxoplasmosis in northwestern Switzerland, 1982–1999. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25:123–128
  35. Smith KL, Wilson M, Hightower AW, Kelley PW, Struewing JP, Juranek DD, et al. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in US military recruits in 1989: comparison with data published in 1965. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;23:1182–1183
  36. Cook AJ, Gilbert RE, Buffolano W, Zufferey J, Petersen E, Jenum PA, et al. Sources of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women: European multicentre case–control study. BMJ. 2000;321:142–147
  37. Chatterton JM. Pregnancy. In:  Ho-Yen DO,  Joss AW editor. Human toxoplasmosis. Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications; 1992;p. 144–183
  38. Kapperud G, Jenum PA, Stray-Pedersen B, Melby KK, Eskild A, Eng J. Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnancy: results of a prospective case-control study in Norway. Am J Epidemiol. 1996;144:405–412
  39. Honore S, Couvelard A, Garin YJ, Bedel C, Henin D, Darde ML, et al. Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii strains from immunocompromised patients. Pathol Biol (Paris). 2000;48:541–547
  40. Millogo A, AKi-Zerbo GA, Traore W, Sawadogo AB, Ouedraogo I, Peghini M. Toxoplasma serology in HIV infected patients and suspected cerebral toxoplasmosis at the central hospital of Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso). Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2000;93:17–19
  41. Jumaian NF. Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women in Jordan. East Mediterr Health J. 2005;11:45–51
  42. Birgisdottir A, Asbjornsdottir H, Cook E, Gislason D, Jansson C, Olafsson I, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Sweden, Estonia and Iceland. Scand J Infect Dis. 2006;38:625–631
  43. Fan CK, Su KE, Chung WC, Tsai YJ, Chiol HY, Lin CF, et al. Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection among Atayal aborigines and local animals in Nan-ao district, Ilan county and Jen-ai district, Nan-tou county, Taiwan. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 1998;14:762–769
  44. Fan CK, Su KE, Chung WC, Tsai YJ, Chiou HY, Lin CF, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies among Atayal aboriginal people and their hunting dogs in northeastern Taiwan. Jpn J Med Sci Biol. 1998;51:35–42
  45. de la Rosa M, Bolivar J, Perez HA. Toxoplasma gondii infection in Amerindians of Venezuelan Amazon. Medicina. 1999;59:759–762
  46. Taylor MR, Lennon B, Holland CV, Cafferkey M. Community study of Toxoplasma antibodies in urban and rural schoolchildren aged 4 to 18 years. Arch Dis Child. 1997;77:406–409
  47. Zamorano CG, Contreras MC, Villalobos S, Sandoval L, Salinas P. Seroepidemiological survey of human toxoplasmosis in Osorno, region X, Chile, 1998. Bol Chil Parasitol. 1999;54:33–36
  48. Weigel RM, Dubey JP, Dyer D, Siegel AM. Risk factors for infection with Toxoplasma gondii for residents and workers on swine farms in Illinois. Am J Trop Med Hygiene. 1999;60:793–798
  49. Forsgren M, Gille E, Ljungstrom I, Nokes DJ. Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in pregnant women in Stockholm in 1969, 1979 and 1987. Lancet. 1991;337:1413–1414
  50. Gilbert RE, Tooky PA, Cubitt WD, Ades AE, Masters J, Peckham CS. Prevalence of Toxoplasma IgG among pregnant women in west London according to country of birth and ethnic group. Br Med J. 1993;306:185
  51. Jeannel D, Niel G, Costagliola D, Danis M, Traore BM, Gentilini M. Epidemiology of toxoplasmosis among pregnant women in the Paris area. Int J Epidemiol. 1988;17:595–602
  52. Deniau M, Tourte-Schaefer C, Agbo K, Dupouy-Camet J, Heyer C, Lapierre J. Evaluation of the risk of congenital toxoplasmosis in Togo. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 1991;84:664–672
  53. Beattie CP. The ecology of toxoplasmosis. Ecol Dis. 1982;1:13–20
  54. Ashburn D. History and general epidemiology. In:  Ho-Yen DO,  Joss AWL editor. Human toxoplasmosis. Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications; 1992;p. 1–25
  55. Stray-Pedersen B, Lorentzen-Styr AM. The prevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies among 11,736 pregnant women in Norway. Scand J Infect Dis. 1979;11:159–165
  56. Ljungstrom I, Gille E, Nokes J, Linder E, Forsgren M. Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii among pregnant women in different parts of Sweden. Eur J Epidemiol. 1995;11:149–156
  57. Feldman HA. A nationwide serum survey of United States military recruits, 1962. VI. Toxoplasma antibodies. Am J Epidemiol. 1965;681:385–391
  58. Hamadto HA, Rashid SM, el-Fakahany AF, Lashin AH. Seroepidemiological studies for toxoplasmosis among out- and inpatients in Benha University Hospitals, Qualyobia Governorate. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1997;27:223–231
  59. Smith JL. Foodborne infections during pregnancy. J Food Protection. 1999;62:818–829
  60. Mack DG, Johnson JJ, Roberts F, Roberts CW, Estes RG, David C, et al. Hla-class II genes modify outcome of Toxoplasma gondii infection. Int J Parasitol. 1999;29:1351–1358
  61. Meenken C, Rothova A, de Waal LP, van der Horst AR, Mesman BJ, Kijlstra A. HLA typing in congenital toxoplasmosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1995;79:494–497
  62. Djurkovic-Djakovic O. Toxoplasmosis and immunosuppression. Srpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo. 1998;126:197–203
  63. Gulesci E, Otkun MT. Investigation of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies in patients with hematological malignancy. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2005;29:85–88
  64. Galvan Ramirez ML, Valdez Alvarado V, Vargas Gutierrez G, Jimenez Gonzalez O, Garcia Cosio C, Vielma Sandoval M. Prevalence of IgG and IgM anti-Toxoplasma antibodies in patients with HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 1997;30:465–467
  65. Kasper LH, Buzoni-Gatel D. Some opportunistic parasitic infections in AIDS: candidiasis, pneumocystosis, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis. Parasitol Today. 1998;14:150–160
  66. Simpore J, Savadogo A, Ilboudo D, Nadambega MC, Esposito M, Yara J, et al. Toxoplasma gondii, HCV, and HBV seroprevalence and co-infection among HIV-positive and -negative pregnant women in Burkina Faso. J Med Virol. 2006;78:730–733
  67. Sukthana Y. Difference of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies between Thai and Austrian women. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1999;30:38–41
  68. Khan A, Su C, German M, Storch GA, Clifford DB, Sibley LD. Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii strains from immunocompromised patients reveals high prevalence of type I strains. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:5881–5887
  69. Nowakowska D, Colon I, Remington JS, Grigg M, Golab E, Wilczynski J, et al. Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii by multiplex PCR and peptide-based serological testing of samples from infants in Poland diagnosed with congenital toxoplasmosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:1382–1389
  70. Roghmann MC, Faulkner CT, Lefkowitz A, Patton S, Zimmerman J, Morris JG. Decreased seroprevalence for Toxoplasma gondii in Seventh Day Adventists in Maryland. Am J Trop Med Hygiene. 1999;60:790–792
  71. Garcia JL, Navarro IT, Ogawa L, de Oliveira RC, Kobilka E. Seroprevalence, epidemiology and ocular evaluation of human toxoplasmosis in the rural zone Jauguapita (Parana) Brazil. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 1999;6:157–163
  72. Ulmanen I, Leinikki P. The role of pet cats in the seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis. Scand J Infect Dis. 1975;7:67–71
  73. Price JH. Toxoplasma infection in an urban community. Br Med J. 1969;4:141–143
  74. Weigel RM, Dubey JP, Siegel AM, Kitron UD, Mannelli A, Mitchell MA, et al. Risk factors for transmission of Toxoplasma gondii on swine farms in Illinois. J Parasit. 1995;81:736–741
  75. Vaage L, Midtvedt T. Epidemiological aspects of toxoplasmosis. The prevalence of positive Toxoplasma reactions in naval recruits from different parts of Norway. Scand J Infect Dis. 1975;7:218–221
  76. Dubey JP. Sources of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnancy. Br Med J. 2000;321:127–128
  77. Dubey JP. Duration of immunity to shedding of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts by cats. J Parasitol. 1995;81:410–415
  78. Choi WY, Nam HW, Kwak NH, Huh W, Kim YR, Kang MW, et al. Foodborne outbreaks of human toxoplasmosis. J Infect Dis. 1997;175:1280–1282
  79. Konishi E, Takahashi J. Some epidemiological aspects of Toxoplasma infections in a population of farmers in Japan. Int J Epidemiol. 1987;16:277–281
  80. Palicka P, Slaba H, Zitek K. Active control of congenital toxoplasmosis in the population. Cent Eur J Public Health. 1998;6:265–268
  81. Warnekulasuriya MR, Johnson JD, Holliman RE. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in cured meats. Int J Food Microbiol. 1998;45:211–215
  82. Lunden A, Uggla A. Infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii in mutton following curing, smoking, freezing or microwave cooking. Int J Food Microbiol. 1992;15:357–363
  83. Dubey JP. Toxoplasmosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1994;205:1593–1598
  84. Buffolano W, Gilbert RE, Holland FJ, Fratta D, Palumbo F, Ades AE. Risk factors for recent Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women in Naples. Epidemiol Infect. 1996;116:347–351
  85. Dubey JP, Weigel RM, Siegel AM, Thulliez P, Kitron UD, Mitchell MA, et al. Sources and reservoirs of Toxoplasma gondii infection on 47 swine farms in Illinois. J Parasitol. 1995;81:723–729
  86. Dubey JP, Thulliez P, Romand S, Kwok OC, Shen SK, Gamble HR. Serologic prevalence of Toxolasma gondii in horses slaughtered for food in North America. Vet Parasitol. 1999;86:235–238
  87. Baril L, Ancelle T, Goulet V, Thulliez P, Tirard-Fleury V, Carme B. Risk factors for Toxoplasma infection in pregnancy: a case-control study in France. Scand J Infect Dis. 1999;31:305–309
  88. Dubey JP. Strategies to reduce transmission of Toxoplasma gondii to animals and humans. Vet Parasitol. 1996;64:65–70
  89. Faull WB, Clarkson MJ, Winter AC. Toxoplasmosis in a flock of sheep: some investigations into its source and control. Vet Rec. 1986;119:491–493
  90. Dubey JP, Thulliez P. Persistence of tissue cysts in edible tissues of cattle fed Toxoplasma gondi oocysts. Am J Vet Res,. 1993;54:270–273
  91. Dubey JP. Long-term persistence of Toxoplasma gondii in tissues of pigs inoculated with T. gondii oocysts and effect of freezing on viability of tissue cysts in pork. Am J Vet Res. 1988;49:910–913
  92. Aramini JJ, Stephen C, Dubey JP, Engelstoft C, Schwantje H, Ribble CS. Potential contamination of drinking water with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Epidemiol Infect. 1999;122:305–315
  93. Eng SB, Werker DH, King AS, Marion SA, Bell A, Issac-Renton JL, et al. Computer-generated dot maps as an epidemiologic tool: investigating an outbreak of toxoplasmosis. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999;5:815–819
  94. Sroka J, Wojcik-Fatla A, Dutkiewicz J. Occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii in water from wells located on farms. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2006;13:169–175
  95. Lopez-Castillo CA, Diaz-Ramirez J, Gomez-Marin JE. Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women in Armenia, Colombia. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota). 2005;7:180–190
  96. Dubey JP. Re-examination of resistance of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites and bradyzoites to pepsin and trypsin digestion. Parasitology. 1998;116:43–50
  97. Bonametti AM, Passos JN, Koga de Silva EM, Macedo ZS. Probable transmission of acute toxoplasmosis through breast-feeding. J Trop Pediatr. 1997;43:116
  98. Paul M. Potential risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in cases with recently acquired toxoplasmosis. Przeglad Epidemiol. 1998;52:447–454
  99. Carter AO, Frank JW. Congenital toxoplasmosis: epidemiologic features and control. Can Med Assoc. 1986;135:618–623
  100. Russo M, Galanti B. Prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis. Clin Ter. 1990;134:383–392
  101. Foulon W. Congenital toxoplasmosis: is screening desirable?. Scand J Infect Dis. 1992;84:11–17
  102. Jones J, Lopez A, Wilson M. Congenital toxoplasmosis. Am Fam Physician. 2003;67:2131–2138
  103. Masur H, Kaplan JE, Holmes KK. US Public Health Service; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among HIV-infected persons—2002. Recommendations of the US Public Health Service and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:435–478
  104. Lopez A, Dietz VJ, Wilson M, Navin TR, Jones JL. Preventing congenital toxoplasmosis. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2000;49(RR-2):59–68
  105. Foulon W, Naessens A, Lauwers S, DeMeuter F, Amy JJ. Impact of primary prevention on the incidence of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1988;72:363–366
  106. Carter AO, Gelmon SB, Wells GA, Toepell AP. The effectiveness of a prenatal education programme for the prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis. Epidemiol Infect. 1989;103:539–545
  107. Lappalainen M, Sintonen H, Koskiniemi M, Hedman K, Hiilesmaa V, Ammala P, et al. Cost-benefit analysis of screening for toxoplasmosis during pregnancy. Scand J Infect Dis. 1995;27:265–272
  108. Castilho-Pelloso MP, Falavigna DL, Araujo SM, Falavigna-Guilherme AL. Monitoring of pregnant women with toxoplasmosis in public health services. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2005;38:532–533
  109. Remington JS, McLeod R, Desmonts G. Toxoplasmosis. In:  Remington JS,  Klein JO editor. Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott JB; 1992;p. 349–364
  110. Gilbert RE, Peckham CS. Congenital toxoplasmosis in the United Kingdom: to screen or not to screen?. J Med Screen. 2002;9:135–141
  111. Szenasi Z, Horvath K, Sarkany E, Melles M. Toxoplasmosis surveillance during pregnancy and quality assurance of methods in Hungary. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2005;117(Suppl 4):29–34
  112. Couvreur J. Problems of congenital toxoplasmosis. Evolution over four decades. Presse Medicale. 1999;28:753–757
  113. Aspock H, Pollak A. Prevention of prenatal toxoplasmosis by serological screening of pregnant women in Austria. Scand J Infect Dis. 1992;24(Suppl 84):32–38
  114. Eskild A, Magnus P. Little evidence of effective prenatal treatment against congenital toxoplasmosis—the implications for testing in pregnancy. Int J Epidemiol. 2001;30:1314–1315
  115. Eskild A, Oxman A, Magnus P, Bjorndal A, Bakketeig LS. Screening for toxoplasmosis in pregnancy: what is the evidence of reducing a health problem?. J Med Screening. 1996;3:188–194
  116. Wallon M, Liou C, Garner P, Peyron F. Congenital toxoplasmosis: systemic review of evidence of efficacy of treatment in pregnancy. Br Med J. 1999;318:1511–1514
  117. Gilbert R, Tan HK, Cliffe S, Guy E, Stanford M. Symptomatic Toxoplasma infection due to congenital and postnatally acquired infection. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91:495–498
  118. Gras L, Gilbert RE, Ades AE, Dunn DT. Effect of prenatal treatment on the risk of intracranial and ocular lesions in children with congenital toxoplasmosis. Int J Epidemiol. 2001;30:1309–1313
  119. Jeannel D, Costagliola D, Niel G, Hubert B, Danis M. What is known about the prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis?. Lancet. 1990;336:359–361
  120. Hohlfeld P, Daffos F, Costa JM, Thulliez P, Forestier F, Vidaud M. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis with a polymerase-chain-reaction test on amniotic fluid. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:695–699
  121. Pinard JA, Leslie NS, Irvine PJ. Maternal serologic screening for toxoplasmosis. Midwifery Women Health. 2003;48:308–316
  122. Stewart-Brown S, Farmer A. Screening could seriously damage your health. Br Med J. 1997;314:533–534
  123. Seeds JW. Diagnostic mid trimester amniocentesis: how safe?. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191:607–615
  124. Cederholm M, Haglund B, Axelsson O. Infant morbidity following amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal karyotyping. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2005;112:394–402
  125. Papantoniou NE, Daskalakis GJ, Tziotis JG, et al. Risk factors predisposing to fetal loss following a second trimester aminocentesis. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2001;108:1053–1056
  126. Rochon M, Stone J. Invasive procedures in multiple gestations. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2003;15:167–175
  127. Daffos F, Forestier F, Capella-Pavlovsky M, Thullierz P, Aufrant C, Valenti D, et al. Prenatal management of 746 pregnancies at risk for congenital toxoplasmosis. N Engl J Med. 1988;318:271–275
  128. Hohlfeld P, Dafos F, Thulliez P, Aufrant C, Couvreur J, Macaleese J, et al. Fetal toxoplasmosis: outcome of pregnancy and infant follow-up after in utero treatment. J Pediatrics. 1989;115:765–769
  129. Guerina NG, Hsu HW, Meissner HC, Maguire JH, Lynfield R, Stechenberg B, et al. Neonatal serologic screening and early treatment for congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection. The New England Regional Toxoplasma Working Group. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1858–1863
  130. Paul M, Petersen E, Pawlowski ZS, Szczapa J. Neonatal screening for congenital toxoplasmosis in the Poznan region of Poland by analysis of Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgM antibodies eluted from filter paper blood spots. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19:30–36
  131. Neto EC, Rubin R, Schulte J, Giugliani R. Newborn screening for congenital infectious diseases. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:1068–1073
  132. Vela-Amieva M, Canedo-Solares I, Gutierrez-Castrellon P, Perez-Andrade M, Gonzalez-Contreras C, Ortiz-Cortes J, et al. Short report: neonatal screening pilot study of Toxoplasma gondii congenital infection in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;72:142–144
  133. Schmidt DR, Hogh B, Andersen O, Fuchs J, Fledelius H, Petersen E. The national neonatal screening programme for congenital toxoplasmosis in Denmark: results from the initial four years 1999–2002. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91:661–665
  134. Koppe JG, Loewer-Sieger DH, de Roever-Bonnet H. Results of 20-year follow-up of congenital toxoplasmosis. Lancet. 1986;1:254–256
  135. Lebech M, Petersen E. Congenital toxoplasmosis and ocular involvement. A review with 6 case reports. Ugeskr Laeger. 1992;154:339–345
  136. Stray-Pedersen B. Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 1993;7:107–137
  137. Petersen E, Eaton RB. Control of congenital infection with Toxoplasma gondii by neonatal screening based on detection of specific immunoglobulin M antibodies eluted from phenylketonuria filter-paper blood-spot samples. Acta Paediatrica. 1999;88:36–39
  138. Gilbert R, Dezateux C. Newborn screening for congenital toxoplasmosis: feasible, but benefits are not established. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91:629–631
  139. Lebech M, Anderson O, Christensen NC, Hertel J, Nielsen HE, Peitersen B, et al. Feasibility of neonatal screening for Toxoplasma infection in the absence of prenatal treatment. Lancet. 1999;353:1834–1837
  140. Lynfield R, Hsu HW, Guerina NG. Screening methods for congenital Toxoplasma and risk of disease. Lancet. 1999;353:1899–1900
  141. Delgado GG, Gonzalez CP. Chorioretinitis caused by toxoplasmosis: study of 65 cases. Rev Cubana Med Trop. 1978;30:69–78
  142. Stray-Pedersen B, Jenum P. Economic evaluation of preventive programmes against congenital toxoplasmosis. Scand J Infect Dis. 1992;84:86–96
  143. Fahnehjelm KT, Malm G, Yagge J, Engman MI, Maly E, Evengard B. Ophthalmological findings in children with congenital toxoplasmosis. Report from a Swedish prospective screening study of congenital toxoplasmosis with two years of follow-up. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2000;78:569–575
  144. Evengard B, Petterson K, Engman ML, Wiklund S, Ivarsson SA, Tear-Fahnehjelm K, et al. Low incidence of Toxoplasma infection during pregnancy and in newborns in Sweden. Epidemiol Infect. 2001;127:121–127
  145. National Newborn Screening Programme, Republic of Ireland. http:www.nnsp.ie/disorders_tested/toxoplasmosis_02.html, 2006 Last accessed 13 February 2007.
  146. Roberts T, Frenkel JK. Estimating income losses and other preventable costs caused by congenital toxoplasmosis in people in the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1990;196:249–256
  147. Buffolano W, Sagliocca L, Fratta D, Tozzi A, Cardone A, Binkin N. Prenatal toxoplasmosis screening in Campania region, Italy. Ital J Gynaecol Obstet. 1994;6:70–74
  148. Berrebi A, Kobuch WE, Bessieres MH, Bloom MC, Rolland M, Sarramon MF, et al. Termination of pregnancy for maternal toxoplasmosis. Lancet. 1994;344:36–39
  149. Bobic B, Jevremovic I, Marinkovic J, Sibalic D, Djurkovic-Djakovic O. Risk factors for Toxoplasma infection in a reproductive age female population in the area of Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Eur J Epidemiol. 1998;14:605–610
  150. Wallon M, Kodjikian L, Binquet C, Garweg J, Fleury J, Quantin C, et al. Long-term ocular prognosis in 327 children with congenital toxoplasmosis. Pediatrics. 2004;113:1567–1572
  151. Fenwick E, Claxton K, Sculpher M. Representing uncertainty: the role of cost-effectiveness acceptability curves. Health Econ. 2001;10:779–787
  152. Liu SG, Qin C, Yao ZJ, Wang D. Study on the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii by semen in rabbits. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi. 2006;24:166–170
  153. Frenkel JK. Prevention of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy: hygienic measures and vaccination. In: Carvajal H, Frenkel JK, de Sanchez N, editors. Proceedings of the 1998 Bogota Toxoplasmosis Congress. Bogota, Colombia: University of Los Andes, Sante Fe, Department of Biology; 1998. p. 66–73.
  154. Foulon W, Villena I, Stray-Pedersen B, Decoster A, Lappalainen M, Pinon JM, et al. Treatment of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy: a multicenter study of impact on fetal transmission and children's sequelae at age 1 year. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;180:410–415
  155. Gilbert R, Gras L. Effect of timing and type of treatment on the risk of mother to child transmission of Toxoplasma gondii. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003;110:112–120
  156. Villena I, Aubert D, Leroux B, Dupouy D, Talmud M, Chemla C, et al. Pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine treatment of congenital toxoplasmosis: follow-up of 78 cases between 1980 and 1997. Reims Toxoplasmosis Group. Scand J Infect Dis. 1998;30:295–300
  157. Ronday MJ, Ongkosuwito JV, Rothova A, Kijlstra A. Intraocular anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgA antibody production in patients with ocular toxoplasmosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;127:294–300
  158. Matsui D. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of fetal toxoplasmosis. Clin Perinatol. 1994;21:675–689
  159. Hernandez-Diaz S, Werler MM, Walker AM, Mitchell AA. Neural tube defects in relation to use of folic acid antagonists during pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;153:961–968
  160. Roizen N, Swisher CN, Stein MA, Hopkins J, Boyer KM, Holfels E, et al. Neurologic and developmental outcome in treated congenital toxoplasmosis. Pediatrics. 1995;95:11–20
  161. Paul M, Jaworska A, Twardosz-Pawlik H, Szczapa J, Stefaniak J. Evaluation of the postnatal treatment efficacy in congenital toxoplasmosis identified by the newborn screening programme. Wiad Parazytol. 2001;47:107–112
  162. Desmonts G, Courvreur J. Congenital toxoplasmosis: a prospective study of 378 pregnancies. N Engl J Med. 1974;290:1110–1116
  163. SYROCOT (Systematic Review on Congenital Toxoplasmosis) Study Group; Thiebaut R, Leproust S, Chene G, Gilbert R, Effectiveness of prenatal treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis: a meta-analysis of individual patients’ data. Lancet 2007; 369: 115–22.
  164. Gilbert RE, Gras L, Wallon M, Peyron F, Ades AE, Dunn DT. Effect of prenatal treatment on mother to child transmission of Toxoplasma gondii: retrospective cohort study of 544 mother-child pairs in Lyon, France. Int J Epidemiol. 2001;30:1303–1308
  165. Dunn D, Wallon M, Peyron F, Petersen E, Peckham CS, Gilbert RE. Mother to child transmission of toxoplasmosis: risk estimates for clinical counselling. Lancet. 1999;353:1829–1833
  166. Gomez-Marin JE, delaTorre A. Positive benefit of postnatal treatment in congenital toxoplasmosis. Arch Dis Child. 2007;92:88–89
  167. Buxton D. Toxoplasmosis: the first commercial vaccine. Parasitol Today. 1993;9:335–337

PII: S0033-3506(07)00281-8

doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2007.08.009

Public Health
Volume 122, Issue 4 , Pages 335-353 , April 2008

Article Tools