Public Health
Volume 120, Issue 7 , Pages 634-640 , July 2006

Injections for health-related reasons amongst injecting drug users in New Delhi and Imphal, India

  • M. Kermode

      Affiliations

    • Australian International Health Institute, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Level 5/207 Bouverie Street, Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +61 3 8344 9128; fax: +61 3 8344 9130.
    • ,
  • L.B. Singh

      Affiliations

    • Social Awareness Services Organization (SASO), Imphal, Manipur, India
    • ,
  • R.K. Raju

      Affiliations

    • North-East Indian Harm Reduction Network, Imphal, Manipur, India
    • ,
  • S. Alam

      Affiliations

    • Society for Service to Urban Poverty (SHARAN), New Delhi, India
    • ,
  • H. Cox

      Affiliations

    • Australian International Health Institute, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Level 5/207 Bouverie Street, Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia
    • ,
  • N. Crofts

      Affiliations

    • Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia

Received 10 March 2005 ,Revised 4 October 2005 ,Accepted 31 January 2006.

References 

  1. Hauri A, Armstrong G, Hutin Y. The global burden of disease attributable to contaminated injections in health care settings. Int J STDs AIDS. 2004;15:7–16
  2. Hutin Y, Hauri A, Armstrong G. Use of injections in healthcare settings worldwide, 2000: literature review and regional estimates. Br Med J. 2003;327:1075
  3. Wyatt H, Mahadevan S. Unnecessary injections in developing countries: the risk and costs. Int J Risk Saf Med. 1993;4:167–176
  4. Reeler AV. Anthropological perspectives on injections: a review. Bull World Health Organ. 2000;78:135–143
  5. Raglow GJ, Luby SP, Nabi N. Therapeutic injections in Pakistan: from the patients' perspective. Trop Med Int Health. 2001;6:69–75
  6. Simonsen L, Kane A, Lloyd J, Zaffran M, Kane M. Unsafe injections in the developing world and transmission of bloodborne pathogens: a review. Bull World Health Organ. 1999;77:789–800
  7. Registrar General and Census Commissioner. Census of India. Available from: http://www.censusindia.net. Accessed: 4 February 2005.
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  12. de Zoysa I, Bhandari N, Akhtari N, Bhan MJ. Careseeking for illness in young infants in an urban slum in India. Soc Sci Med. 1998;47:2101–2111
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  14. Rajasekaran M, Sivagnanam G, Thirumalaikolundusubramainan P, Namasivayam K, Ravindranath C. Injection practices in southern part of India. Public Health. 2003;117:208–213
  15. Kermode M, Holmes W, Langkham B, Thomas S, Gifford S. Safer injections, fewer infections: injection safety in rural north India. Trop Med Int Health 2005;10(5): 423–432.
  16. Hutin Y. Injection Safety in India: from Assessment to Policy. Global Infection Control and Injection Safety Meeting, Cape Town, South Africa; 2004.
  17. Narendranathan M, Philip M. Reusable needles—a major risk factor for acute virus B hepatitis. Trop Doct. 1993;23:64–66
  18. Singh J, Bhatia R, Gandhi JC, Kaswekar AP, Khare S, Patel SB, et al. Outbreak of viral hepatitis B in a rural community in India linked to indequately sterilized needles and syringes. Bull World Health Organ. 1998;76:93–98
  19. Singh S, Dwivedi SN, Sood R, Wali JP, Hepatitis B. C and human immunodeficiency virus infections in multiply-injected kala-azar patients in Delhi. Scand J Infect Dis. 2000;32:3–6
  20. Eicher A, Crofts N, Benjamin S, Deutschmann P, Rodger AJ. A certain fate: spread of HIV among young injecting drug users in Manipur, north-east India. AIDS Care. 2000;12:497–504
  21. Singh D, Sharma M. Rapid situation assessment of drug use in imphal (1999–2000). Imphal: The Kripa Society, undated.
  22. Sarin E. A Qualitative Assessment of Injecting Drug Use in Assam. Fogarty AIDS International Training and Research Program, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 2004.
  23. In:  Gisselquist DP,  Hutin Y editor. Pilot-testing the WHO tools to assess and evaluate injection practices: a summary of assessments coordinated by WHO in seven countries (2000–2001) WHO/BCT/03.10. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003;

PII: S0033-3506(06)00077-1

doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2006.01.013

Public Health
Volume 120, Issue 7 , Pages 634-640 , July 2006

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