« Previous
Next »
Public Health
Volume 120, Issue 4
, Pages 320-328
, April 2006
An overview of illegal opioid use and health services utilization in Canada
References
- Federal, provincial and territorial advisory committee on population health. Reducing the harm associated with injection drug use in Canada. Ottawa: federal, provincial and territorial advisory committee on population health; 2001.
- . The case for a heroin substitution treatment trial in Canada. Can J Public Health. 1997;88:367–370
- Remis R, Leclerc P, Routledge R, et al. Consortium to characterize injection drug users in Canada (Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver). Final report. Toronto; 1998.
- Single E. A socio-demographic profile of drug users in Canada, HIV/AIDS prevention and community action programs of health Canada, 2000.
- . Enough sterile syringes to prevent HIV transmission among injection drug users in Montreal. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1998;18(Suppl. 1):S57–S59
- Illicit opioid use in Canada—comparing social, health and drug use characteristics of untreated users in five cities (OPICAN study). J Urban Health Bull NY Acad Med. 2005;82:250–266
- . Suicide among heroin users: rates, risk factors and methods. Addiction. 2002;97:1383–1394
- . A 33-year follow-up of narcotics addicts. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58:503–508
- United Nations. Investing in drug abuse treatment. A discussion paper for policy makers. New York: Office on Drugs and Crime; 2003.
- WHO. The world health report 2002: reducing risks, promotion health life. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002.
- WHO. Substitution maintenance therapy in the management of opioid dependence and HIV/AIDS prevention: position paper. Geneva: World Health Organization, United nations office on drugs and crime, joint United Nations programme on HIV/AIDS; 2004.
- The social cost of untreated opiate use. J Urban Health. 2001;77:688–722
- . The HIV epidemic among injection drug users in ontario: the situation in 1997. Ontario: Ontario Ministry of Health; 1997;
- . Impact of HIV infection on mortality in a cohort of injection drug users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 2001;28:351–357
- . Illicit opiates in Toronto: a profile of current users. Addict Res. 1999;7:377–415
- Millar JS. HIV, hepatitis C, and injection drug use in British Columbia: pay now or pay later? British Columbia provincial health officer, 1998.
- . Queen's university HIV study group. HIV and hep C seroprevalence and associated risk behaviours in a Canadian prison. HIV/AIDS Policy Law. 1999;4:
- . Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in a northern Alberta population. Can J Public Health. 2004;95:188–192
- . Continuing drug risk behaviour: shared use of injecting paraphernalia among London heroin injectors. AIDS Care. 1997;9:651–660
- . Social determinants of (illicit) drug use and the HIV/AIDS burden. In: Fischer B, Rehm J, Haydon E editor. Reducing the risks, harms and costs of HIV/AIDS and injection drug use: a synthesis of the evidence base of development of policies and 26 programs. Warsaw: Health Canada/UNAIDS/Canadian International Development Agency; 2003;
- . Psychiatric and substance use comorbidity among treatment-seeking opioid abusers. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54:80
- . Polydrug dependence and psychiatric comorbidity among heroin injectors. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1997;48:135–141
- Self-perceived health among canadian opiate users: a comparison to he general population and to other chronic disease populations. Can J Public Health. 2004;95:99–103
- . Modes de consommation et repartition des drogues en Suisse. In: Fahrenkrug H, Rehm J, Muller R, Klingemann H, Linder R editor. Drogues illegales en suisse 1990–1993. La situation dans les cantons et en Suisse. Zurich: Seismo; 1995;p. 13–34
- . The disease called addiction: emerging evidence in a 200-year debate. Lancet. 1996;347:162–166
- WHO. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1993.
- National institutes of health. National consensus development panel on effective medical treatment of opiate addiction. J Am Med Assoc 1998;280:1936–43.
- . A comparison of the need for health care and use of health care by injection-drug users, other chronic drug users, and nondrug users. Am Behav Sci. 1998;41:1107
- . Treatment structure and treatment services in the drug abuse treatment outcome study (DATOS). Psychol Addict Behav. 1997;11:244–260
- Barriers to use of free antiretroviral therapy in injection drug users. J Am Med Assoc. 1998;280:549
- . Mainstreaming methadone maintenance treatment: the role of family physician. Can Med Assoc J. 1997;157:395–398
- . Nutritional assessment of drug addicts. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1995;38:11–18
- . Determinants of hospital admission among HIV-positive people in British Columbia. Can Med Assoc J. 2000;162:783–786
- . Illicit drug use and emergency room utilization. Health Serv Res. 2000;35:153–169
- . Regular outpatient medical and drug abuse care and subsequent hospitalization of persons who use illicit drugs. J Am Med Assoc. 2001;285:2355–2362
- . Injection frequency mediates health service use among persons with a history of drug injection. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003;70:159–168
- . Utilization of medical services by drug abusers in detoxification. J Subst Abuse. 1993;5:187–193
- . Heroin assisted treatment as a response to the public health problem of opiate dependence. Eur J Public Health. 2002;12:228–234
- Health Canada. Literature review: methadone maintenance treatment. Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services; 2002.
- . The quantification of mortality resulting from the regular use of illicit opiates. Addiction. 1999;4:221–229
- . Role of methadone maintenance in opioid dependence. Lancet. 1999;353:221–226
- . Key informant interviews. In: Crabtree BF, Miller WL editor. Doing qualitative research. California: Sage Publications; 1992;
- . The key informant technique. Fam Pract. 1996;13:92–97
- Heyrman J, Goedhuys J. The multiple key informant survey: a method for the comparison of international qualitative data. European academy of teachers in general practice (EURACT), 2001. Available from. http://euract.org/html/doc012.shtml
- . Policy changes and the methadone treatment system for opioid dependence in Ontario, 1996 to 2001. J Addict Dis. 2005;24:39–51
- Canadian institute for health information. Discharge abstract database abstracting manual (group 12, field 8). Ottawa; 1999.
- The college of physicians and surgeons of British Columbia. Annual reports. Vancouver: The College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia, 1995–2005. Available from http://www.cpsbc.ca/cps/physician_resources/publications/annual_reports.
- . Prescriptions, power and politics: the turbulent history of methadone maintenance in Canada. J Public Health Policy. 2000;21:187–210
- Millson P. Low threshold methadone maintenance treatment outcomes. Report issue 7. College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario; 2003.
- UNAIDS. Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic 2002. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2002.
- . Morbidity and mortality attributable to substance abuse in Canada. Am J Public Health. 1999;89:385–390
- . The relative risks and etiologic fractions of different causes of death and disease attributable to alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use in Canada. Can Med Assoc J. 2000;162:1669–1675
- Canadian community epidemiology network on drug use (CCENDU). Annual meeting. CCENDU; 2002. Available from: http://www.ccsa.ca/ccendu/pdf/ccendu_meeting-notes_2002_e.pdf.
- . The expansion of methadone prescribing in Ontario. Addict Res. 2000;8:485–496
- . Substitution therapy for heroin addiction. Subst Use Misuse. 2002;37:1149–1178
- . Increases in methadone maintenance treatment in Ontario, 1996–2001. J Addict Dis. 2005;24:39–51
- A review of the legislation, regulation and delivery of methadone in 12 member states in the European union. Brussels: The European Commission; 1996;
- . Canadian opiate users’ views on methadone and other opiate prescription treatment: an exploratory qualitative study. Subst Use Misuse. 2002;37:495–522
- . Beliefs about methadone in an inner-city methadone clinic. J Urban Health. 2002;79:571–578
- . The Swiss heroin trials: testing alternative approaches. Br Med J. 1998;316:639
- . Substitution pharmacotherapies for opioid addiction: from methadone to LAAM and buprenorphine. J Psychoactive Drugs. 1994;26:119–128
- . Management of opioid dependence. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2003;16:297–304
- Buxton J. Vancouver drug use epidemiology Report. Vancouver (BC): Canadian Community Epidemiology Network on Drug Use. 2003 Jul. Available from: http://www.ccsa.ca/ccendu/pdf/report_vancouver_2003.pdf
- McPherson D. A framework for action: a four pillars approach to drug problems in Vancouver, Vancouver, 2001.
- Displacement of Canada's largest public illicit drug market in response to a police crackdown. Can Med Assoc J. 2004;170:1551–1556
- . Potential use of safer injecting facilities among injection drug users in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside. Can Med Assoc J. 2003;169:759–763
- Mortality among problem drug users in Europe: a project of the European monitoring centre for drugs and drug addiction (EMCDDA). Heroin addict related clin problems. vol. 4. 2002;p. 5–12
- EMCDDA. Annual report 2003: the state of the drugs problem in the European Union and Norway. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction; 2003.
PII: S0033-3506(05)00263-5
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2005.09.010
© 2005 The Royal Institute of Public Health. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
« Previous
Next »
Public Health
Volume 120, Issue 4
, Pages 320-328
, April 2006
